World History Textbook

The word history comes ultimately from Ancient Greek historía, meaning "inquiry," "knowledge from inquiry," or "judge." However, the question of what kind of inquiries historians pose, what knowledge they seek, and how they interpret the evidence that they find remains controversial. Historians draw conclusions from past approaches to history, but in the end, they always write in the context of their own time, current dominant ideas of how to interpret the past, and even subjective viewpoints. Furthermore, current events and developments often trigger which past events, historical periods, or geographical regions are seen as critical and thus should be investigated. Finally, historical studies are designed to provide specific lessons for societies today. In the words of Benedetto Croce, Italian philosopher and historian, "All history is contemporary history."

All events that are remembered and preserved in some original form constitute the historical record. The task of historians is to identify the sources that can most usefully contribute to the production of accurate accounts of the past. These sources, known are primary sources or evidence, were produced at the time under study and constitute the foundation of historical inquiry. Ideally, a historian will use as many available primary sources as can be accessed, but in practice, sources may have been destroyed or may not be available for research. In some cases, the only eyewitness reports of an event may be memoirs, autobiographies, or oral interviews taken years later.

Table Of Content :

1 The Study of History and the Rise of Civilization

2 Ancient Mesopotamian Civilizations

3 Early Civilizations

4 Ancient Egypt

5 Early Chinese Dynasties

6 Early Civilizations in the Indian Subcontinent

7 Ancient Greece and the Hellenistic World

8 The Roman World

9 The Byzantine Empire

10 The Rise and Spread of Islam

11 The Middle Ages in Europe

12 The Development of Russia

13 The Mongol Empire

14 Chinese Dynasties

15 African Civilizations

16 Civilizations in the Americas

17 The Renaissance

18 The Rise of Nation-States

19 The Age of Enlightenment

20 The Protestant Reformation

21 Enlightened Despots

22 The French Revolution

23 Napoleon

24 Post-Napoleonic Europe

25 The Industrial Revolution

26 Change in the Americas

27 European Imperialism in East Asia

28 The Scramble for Africa

29 World War I

30 The Interwar Period

31 World War II

32 The Cold War

33 Post-Colonial Africa

34 The Middle East after the Ottoman Empire

35 East Asia after World War II

36 South America and Latin America in the Cold War

37 The Long Decade (1989-2001)

38 The 21st Century

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